ABSTRACT Broadband access networks are on the verge of a major tipping point, driven by the simultaneous catalysts of the shift to next generation fiber technology and the shift to openness, disaggregation, and automation. The

In recent decades, mobile communications have completely transformed the way that human beings communicate and interact with one another. New technology generations introduced on average every ten years have consistently and fundamentally improved the overall user experience, paving the way for innovation beyond anyone’s wildest imagination.