It was a great year for the Microwave Transmission market in 2022 due to the growing demand for wireless mobile backhaul (MBH). In fact, following an 11% growth in microwave MBH revenue in 2021, the market is expected to grow an additional 8% in 2022, based on the data we have collected so far in the first nine months of the year. Unsurprisingly, this demand for microwave MBH equipment is being driven by 5G, since operators are either preparing their networks to deploy 5G or are actively installing a 5G network.
We believe 5G will continue to be a market driver in 2023 and, as a result, project another year of single-digit percent growth. However, we anticipate two significant changes in the Microwave Transmission market to occur this year.
The first is the return of the India market. India is one of the countries with the largest use of microwave equipment for MBH, making it a crucial element to the overall market size. During the peak 4G deployment cycle, more than 20% of all microwave radio transceivers were shipped to India. Since then, deployments have considerably shrunk with the declining installations of new 4G base stations. This, however, is expected to reverse because the country has just concluded the auction of 5G spectrum and will ramp microwave deployments for 5G MBH through 2023. Hence, we are expecting India to be a major contributor to the overall market once again.
The second change we are expecting to occur in 2023 is the use of E-band systems in India. Although a large share of MBH in India is achieved through wireless backhaul systems, E-band systems were never used since the spectrum was unavailable. This will change in 2023 since the E-band spectrum has been made available with the 5G spectrum auction, and the standard microwave frequencies such as 13 GHz and 15 GHz are congested due to the large number of 4G base stations using them. Therefore, we anticipate a very large use of E-band systems in India to begin this year, with a number of vendors having already been awarded E-band equipment contracts in the country.
2023 should be another great year for the Microwave Transmission market.
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Knock on wood (if you are superstitious), but it seems like the worst is over for the Optical Transport market as we enter 2023. To recap…. in 2022, there was a pandemic with city-wide COVID lockdowns in China, war in Ukraine with economic sanctions placed on Russia, rampant inflation with spiking fuel prices, global economic slowdown, and component shortages. It was, in short, a tumultuous year.
While in most years the occurrence of one or two of these events would cause a sharp decline in the optical market, no such incident occurred this time. Through it all, the Optical Transport market at the global level held strong, and we are predicting it will decline at most by 1% in 2022. Things are, of course, different at the regional level, considering the war occurring in Europe and COVID lockdowns in China. Based on results for the first nine months of 2022, we believe Europe is on track to decline by roughly 15% and China by approximately 3%. We should note that most of the decline in Europe is due to a lower currency exchange rate compared to the US dollar. Therefore, on a constant currency basis, the market contraction in Europe was actually small. Offsetting much of the declines in these two regions is the higher revenue in North America, which we expect will grow at a double-digit rate.
For 2023, we remain somewhat optimistic that optical revenue will increase even as global macroeconomic conditions worsen. Specifically, we are expecting that component constraints will ease, and vendors will be able to fulfill customer orders that have been placed into their swelling backlog. Even in the Western European region, which is under a large amount of distress because of the war and high price of energy, there does not seem to be a significant slowdown in 2023. In fact, many optical vendors have stated that they do not see an impact from the eroding macroeconomic conditions in Western Europe at this time. Also recently, the rate of inflation is decreasing, and China has moved away from a zero-Covid policy, which should end the city-wide lockdowns that slowed the country’s economy and amplified certain supply issues.
Our biggest concern with 2023 is the uncertainty of vendor backlog. While backlog has grown and orders have exceeded revenue for the past few quarters, it is not clear to us what the duration of the backlog will extend to. That is, will customers begin to delay system delivery to a later period when their concerns of supply wane later this year?
In addition to having the worst of the conditions behind us, we are excited about the entry of a new higher-speed capable coherent DSP. Cisco, through its Acacia acquisition, is planning to have a single wavelength 1.2 Tbps-capable module available in early 2023. We have not heard what either Ciena or Infinera have planned for their next-generation coherent DSP, but we expect some news in early 2023—something to look forward to.
Although I am not superstitious, I am knocking on wood, to help ensure the worst is over.
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The millimeter wave (mmWave) narrative has gone through multiple iterations since researchers and industry experts predicted 5G would be all about mmWave back in 2010. As we now know, mmWave accounted for about 1% to 2% of the 2021 RAN market and near-term growth prospects are failing to impress.
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Mobile networks continue to advance to support changing supply and demand requirements. In order to manage the rise in mobile data traffic and the diversity of the use case requirements with new technologies, frequencies, and more agile networks without increasing the complexity and costs while still maintaining legacy technologies, mobile networks have to become more intelligent and automated, spurring the need for Intelligent RAN. In this blog, the goal is to update the Intelligent RAN blog we previously postedand review Intelligent RAN drivers, market opportunity, current status, and the ecosystem.
Intelligent RAN Automation Background
RAN automation and intelligence are not new concepts. In fact, both existing and new 4G and 5G networks rely heavily on automation to replace manual tasks and manage the increased complexity without growing operational costs. But the use of intelligent machine-learning-based functionality embedded in the management system and RAN nodes for real time and non-real time processing is new. The combination of machine learning and automation will enable operators to evolve their 5G networks to the next level by autonomously optimizing resources resulting in improved cost and energy budgets.
Intelligent RAN Automation is not confined to just the RAN infrastructure. Instead, these solutions will improve performance, reduce energy consumption, and lower costs across multiple infrastructure and service domains. Huawei envisions its IntelligentRAN portfolio will address three key areas, including networks, services, and operations. Similarly, Ericsson’s Intelligent RAN Automation solution is targeting four main areas: Network evolution, network deployment, network optimization, and network healing. And Nokia’s recently launched Intelligent RAN Operations is targeting operational efficiency gains and equipment power savings across multiple domains. ZTE’s radio composer is targeting three key domains, including user experience, network efficiency, and energy efficiency.
Source: ZTE
Why More RAN Intelligence and Automation?
Operators navigated the LTE era successfully with minimal RAN intelligence. And even if MBB and FWA are now driving the lion’s share of operators’ 5G revenues, we need to keep in mind that 5G is more diverse than LTE from a spectrum, technology, end-user requirements, and applications perspective.
As mobile data traffic continues to grow at an unabated pace while carrier revenue growth remains flat, operators have limited wiggle room to expand capex and opex to manage the increased complexity typically inherent with the technological and architectural advancements required to deliver the appropriate network performance while supporting more demanding and diverse end-user requirements.
Maturing AI capabilities taken together with recent technology advances which allow suppliers to place intelligence inside the base station forms the basis for the uptick in Intelligent RAN.
Leading RAN suppliers envision Intelligent RAN automation will deliver several key benefits:
Maximize ROI on network investment
Improve performance and experience
Boost network quality
Accelerate time to market
Reduce complexity
Reduce energy consumption
Bring down CO2 emissions
The ongoing shift from proprietary RAN towards disaggregated Open RAN could accelerate innovation, however, costs and complexity of managing multi-vendor deployments could increase if the networks are not effectively managed. According to Ericsson, operator opex could double over the next five years without more automation across deployment and management & operations just to support the expected changes with MBB-driven use cases.
Performance gains underpinned by Intelligent RAN will vary depending on a confluence of factors. Ericsson estimates Intelligent RAN Automation solutions can improve the spectral efficiency by 15% while Huawei has been able to demonstrate that its IntelligentRAN multi-band/multi-site 3D coordination feature can improve the user experience by 50%, in some settings. ZTE and China Mobile have demonstrated a 3x throughput improvements at the cell edge plus a 50% reduction in handover delays.
The intensification of climate change taken together with the current power site trajectory forms the basis for the increased focus on energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. Preliminary findings suggest Intelligent RAN can play a pivotal role in curbing emissions, cutting energy consumption by 15% to 25%.
It is still early days in the broader 5G transition, with 5G MBB and FWA in the early majority and early adopter phases, respectively. However, 5G IoT has barely started yet. As private 5G and IoT begin to ramp more meaningfully and diverse use cases comprise a greater share of the overall 5G capex, operators will need to evolve their networks to manage varying latency, throughput, UL, positioning, and reliability requirements. Ultimately it will be extremely challenging to deliver optimal network efficiency across the RAN spectrum with the current networks.
This is why RAN intelligence and automation are increasingly viewed as fundamental elements in the broader digital transformation and autonomy roadmaps. Operators agree AI and automation will be essential components in future networks.
Market Opportunity
Global RAN revenues have grown at a torrid pace over the past couple of years. And even though RAN market is now entering a period of slower growth, total RAN revenues are projected to top $45 B by 2030, supported by 5G and 6G small cell and macro site expansions.
Intelligent RAN is not going to make sense in all base stations, at least for some time. However, the market opportunity is still significant, especially with high-traffic 5G and 6G sites.
The mix between distributed and centralized intelligence will to some degree be dependent on the fiber footprint as the amount of data to be processed is already large.
Relative to external AI, the local processing inherent with native AI could offer some benefits such as simplified network O&M and reduced costs, especially with low-latency and high-performance service requirements.
Intelligence and Automation Status
RAN Intelligence & Automation is a relatively nascent but growing segment. Rakuten Mobile’s focus on vRAN and automation has enabled the operator to deploy around 0.3 M macro and small cells while maintaining an operational headcount of about 250 people, which is a fraction of that of the typical operator. In the US, greenfield operator Dish is leveraging its cloud-native 5G network and IBM’s AI-powered automation and network orchestration software and services along with VMWare’s RAN Intelligent Controllers to manage costs and to improve performance and innovation for more diverse use cases.
Germany’s fourth operator, 1&1, is building a fully virtualized and open RAN network utilizing specially developed orchestration software to automate operations.
While most of the green field networks are clearly moving towards new architectures that are more automation conducive, change typically does not happen as fast with the brownfields – the average brownfield operator today falls somewhere in between L2 and L3 and still has some way to go before reaching high and full autonomy. Still, China Mobile remains on track for L4 automation by 2025. Per Huawei’s HAS2022 analyst event, the vendor remains optimistic L4 High autonomous network will be more prevalent by the 2025 timeframe. Rakuten Mobile previously said that its network could achieve L4 automation by the end of 2022.
Also, China Mobile has completed numerous AI-powered RAN trials, including one with Nokia’s RIC. The operator has already deployed 10K+ sites using ZTE’s Radio Composer. Meanwhile, China Unicom has implemented a commercial trial of ZTE’s AI solutions, increasing the average high-quality 5G experience duration by 30%.
Vodafone is using RAN Intelligence to boost network quality and to implement Zero Touch Operations. Deutsche Telekom believes the future of the RAN is open and intelligent – the operator is exploring how AI/ML can help with resource optimization and anomaly detections, among other things. Telefonica is working with Nokia to advance RAN intelligence and ultimately optimize the network using AI-based RIC.
Also, Etisalat, Du, STC, and Zain announced at the SAMENA Telecom Summit that they are collaborating with Huawei to bring more AI into the RAN to improve the performance, reduce downtime, enhance the customer experience, and provide the right foundation for more RAN autonomy. At Huawei’s MBBF 2022 event, the vendor announced it has initiated joint innovation with more than 10 operators.
Source: Huawei
Vendor Ecosystem
The top 4 RAN players are also heavily focused on improving their Intelligent RAN Automation portfolios. Huawei recently released its IntelligentRAN portfolio and envision its solution, using the Mobile Intelligent Engine (MIE), will be more widely available for both the Site and Network layers by 2023.
Source: Huawei
Meanwhile, both Ericsson and Nokia have recently announced enhancements and additions to their Intelligent RAN solutions. Qualcomm recently announced its intent to acquire Cellwize, a RAN SMO and Non-RT RIC supplier.
ZTE’s Radio Composer brings AI-based intelligence into the RAN – the vendor has already successfully demonstrated significant performance improvements in large-scale deployments across China and Thailand.
Source: ZTE
In addition to the established RAN suppliers, the rise of Open RAN provides an entry point for both smaller RAN suppliers and Non-RAN players such as NEC, Mavenir, Fujitsu, Juniper, and VMware to enter the RIC segment.
AI in 3GPP
The 3GPP standard is continuously evolving to address the broader 5G vision. From an automation and AI perspective, 3GPP already offers a basic foundation that the suppliers can build on to differentiate their solutions.
The network data analytics function (NWDAF) within the 5G Core architecture and defined in 3GPP Release 16, collects data and improves analytics capabilities.
Release 17 adds MDA and Autonomous Networks. As the 3GPP is working on introducing additional AI/ML air interface and RAN improvements with Release 18, suppliers and operators are already bringing early explorations of these technologies to the base station and RAN management systems.
In summary, it is still early days in the 5G journey. Today’s networks are already leveraging automation to manage the increased network complexity. The network of the future will gradually include more automation and AI to provide operators and enterprises with the right tools to proliferate 5G connectivity efficiently. The revenue upside will be limited over the short term, reflecting the fact that it will take some time to overcome non-technology-related challenges including building trust and convincing people to embrace new technologies that ultimately might require humans to acquire new skills to stay relevant. However, the long-term prospects remain healthy.
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Today, Ciena announced the acquisition of Tibit Communications and Benu Networks in an effort to control its own destiny in the expanding XGS-PON market and to expand on relationships the company already has with major tier 1 telcos and cable operators for switching, routing, and optical transport.
The company is expecting more significant wins for its platforms, as well as a continued revenue stream from Tibit’s existing supplier relationships—the most notable of which is Harmonic, which uses the Tibit MicroPlugs in its Jetty remote switch module. It will certainly be interesting to see how these two system vendors—now competitors—will manage the relationship going forward, especially when competing for cable operator business—more on that later.
Clearly, the opportunity for Ciena to grow its presence in the broadband access space is now. As we have pointed out, the ongoing levels of both public and private investment in FTTH networks in the North American market remain at historic levels. Total spending by service providers on PON equipment in the region has grown from $774M in 2019 to an expected $1.9B in 2022. The technology with the biggest growth trajectory is clearly XGS-PON. Between 2019 and, XGS-PON OLT port shipments have increased 2231%, jumping from 32k in 2019 to an expected 748k in 2022. It’s likely the numbers in 2022 would be even higher were it not for the lingering supply chain issues that have resulted in considerable vendor backlogs.
With the current investment cycle in XGS-PON, the focus on speed and the need to stay ahead of competitors will likely result in an accelerated adoption of new PON technologies in North America, including 25Gbps and 100Gbps PON. It might seem crazy to think that service providers would move so quickly from a shared subscriber capacity of 10Gbps per OLT port. But if providers are already pushing 5Gbps and 8Gbps tiers, they are going to quickly exhaust their XGS-PON capacity, even with oversubscription. Tibit just happens to be a founding member of the 25GS-PON MSA and, earlier this year, accelerated its efforts to build a 25 Gbps-PON ASIC.
Addressing Smaller Operators’ PON Deployments
Even if service providers’ own fiber investments slow in the next year, as some have speculated, there is no slowing the stimulus efforts of both the federal and state governments. Those contract decisions will be made throughout 2023 with deployments beginning later in the year and through the end of the decade. So, while Ciena works through the lengthy lab cycles at the larger tier 1 operators, it can also address the smaller tier 2 and tier 3 operators who will need to deploy in a shorter time frame to secure their funding.
The combination of Tibit and Benu allows Ciena to address smaller operators with a solution that incorporates both access and aggregation in a single platform, with a hardware-abstracted OLT coupled with a vBNG (from Benu) that can more efficiently address localized areas with smaller subscriber counts. Unlike a traditional deployment in which a local PoP would be set up with a separate OLT, switches, and routers, all homed back to a BNG located in a central office, smaller operators could deploy a Ciena 51xx platform that combines the OLT and switching/routing functions, with a vBNG software stack running in the shared data center. This architecture could speed up the deployment of new fiber services in rural and underserved areas and allow service providers pursuing “edge out” strategies to deploy and connect back to their existing transport networks in a shorter amount of time with less fiber.
Ciena will face solid competition in tier 2 and 3 markets from well-established players, including Adtran, Calix, DZS, and Nokia. All of these vendors understands the value that the combination of access and aggregation brings to smaller operators who are often resource-constrained. It’s a big reason why Adtran acquired Adva and DZS acquired Optelian. Ciena is flipping that model by complementing and expanding its routing, switching, and optical prowess with broadband access platforms. No matter the approach, combining access and aggregation, whether from a single vendor in multiple platforms or in a collapsed platform, is how a growing number of service providers are architecting their broadband access networks. From Verizon to AT&T to dozens of other telcos, collapsing access and aggregation networks onto fiber with Ethernet transport is the logical evolution of their networks. It reduces the total number of network elements and reduces operational costs.
Cable Provides Strong Upside
Earlier, we mentioned the fact that Ciena is not Tibit’s lone customer. Harmonic is also a fast-growing customer of the Tibit MicroPlugs, pairing them with its CableOS platform for BNG, routing, and DOCSIS provisioning functions. Though we don’t expect to see any changes in the business relationship between Ciena and Harmonic in the short term, they may find themselves competing with each other for some marquee cable customers. In fact, they might already be doing so.
With cable operators in North America and Europe facing significant competition from fiber overbuilders, the pressure is on for them to expand their own fiber footprint, extending beyond new builds to overbuild scenarios. For a growing list of smaller cable operators in North America, that has certainly been their strategy and will continue to be, as DOCSIS 3.1 will likely be the last HFC technology they ever use.
Even tier 1 operators in Europe, including Liberty Global and Vodafone, have already begun significant fiber overbuilds. The net result is a steady and significant growth in the number of remote OLT ports shipped—particularly in North America, where edge-out strategies and retrofitting existing node locations is a quick way to expand fiber footprint.
But even among the North American tier 1 operators, who have made public commitments to DOCSIS 4.0, there is an acknowledgment that FTTH deployments have been made far easier architecturally partially because of the Tibit MicroPlug. Even though there are differences among the largest multiple-systems operators (MSOs) regarding specific technical approaches to DOCSIS 4.0 and their access networks, in general, there is consensus that distributed access architectures are the future. The HFC-based architectural options of DAA are Remote PHY and Remote MACPHY. For fiber, however, we classify Remote OLTs as just another flavor of DAA. R-OLTs, especially based on the Tibit architecture, essentially function like R-MACPHY. With a BNG and some type of DOCSIS translation engine, MSOs can provision their fiber subscribers just like they would their DOCSIS subscribers.
In those scenarios, Harmonic has a clear edge, having a vCMTS platform that can work with both Remote PHY Devices (RPDs) in DOCSIS deployments and also R-OLTs in FTTH deployments.
But for cable operators who are moving away from DOCSIS provisioning and fully embracing fiber, the need for a vCMTS isn’t as strong. So, that opens the door for companies like Ciena, as well as Calix, Adtran, Vecima, DZS, and others.
The more interesting scenario in the cable world, and the one with the most upside for Ciena, is the one where a vCMTS platform is already in place and the remote OLT platform remains an open competition. In that case, there are large MSOs who value an R-OLT that combines access and aggregation to dramatically simplify their CIN (Converged Interconnect Network). A remote platform that can function as both an OLT but also as a router for other nodes in the network collapses multiple network layers and simplifies transport back to the headend.
Though the biggest opportunities still rest with the tier 1 telcos, there is enough upside among both smaller telcos and cable operators to make these acquisitions pay off for Ciena both in the short- and long-term. The transactions send a further signal that the distribution of access network and subscriber management elements along with the abstraction of OLT hardware remain strategic initiatives for many operators.
